The Saraswathi Mahal Library, originally founded by the Nayak Kings of Tanjavur in 1535 CE, initially functioned as a Royal Library catering to the intellectual needs of the ruling family. Following the capture of Thanjavur by the Maratha rulers in 1675, the library underwent significant development and patronage, becoming a bastion of local culture and heritage until 1855.

A renowned Maratha king, elevated the Saraswathi Mahal Library to a cultural hub. He expanded the library’s collection by employing scholars to acquire works from prestigious Sanskrit learning centers across Northern India and beyond. Under his patronage, the library became a focal point for intellectual enrichment and cultural exchange.

In 1918, the priceless collection
of the Sarasvati Mahal Library was thrown open to the public for the first time. According to the Head Librarian, Dr S Sudarshan, “The library used to give access only to language scholars and experts to study the manuscripts. The library is open to the public; it also supports efforts to publish
rare manuscripts from the
collection, as well as ensuring all volumes are preserved on
microfilm. The Library has
installed computers in 1998 for
the Computerization of Library
activities.